Latinida linguo: Diferi inter la revizi

Kontenajo efacita Kontenajo adjuntita
Katxis (diskutez | kontributadi)
Katxis (diskutez | kontributadi)
Lineo 950:
Latinida lingui por la maxim importanta parto havas retenita la skriburo sistemo di Latino, adaptanta lo a lua evoluciono.
Uno eceptajo esis Rumanian ante 19ma yarcento, ube pos la Romana retreto, kompreno esis riintroduktita tra [[Rumaniana kirila alfabeto]], slaviko influo. Kirila alfabeto esis anke uzita por Rumaniana (Moldovana) en [[Sovietia]]. La nekristana populi di Hispania anke uzita la skribaji di ta religii (mohameta e juda) por skribar Latinida lingui tale Ladino e Mozarabik en [[aljamiado]].
 
===Literi===
{|class="wikitable" style="float: right; text-align: center;"
|+Spelling of results of palatalization and related sounds
! Sound !! Hispaniana !! Portuguese !! French !! Italian !! Romanian
|-
| /k/, not + ⟨e, i, y⟩ || colspan=5|⟨c⟩
|-
| palatalized /k/ (/tʃ/~/s/~/θ/), + ⟨e, i, y⟩ || colspan=5|⟨c⟩
|-
| palatalized /k/ (/tʃ/~/s/~/θ/), not + ⟨e, i, y⟩ || ⟨z⟩ || colspan=2|⟨ç⟩ || colspan=2|⟨ci⟩
|-
| /kw/, not + ⟨e, i, y⟩ || ⟨c(u)⟩ || colspan=4|⟨qu⟩
|-
| /kw/ + ⟨e, i⟩ (inherited) || colspan=5|⟨qu⟩
|-
| /kw/ + ⟨e, i⟩ (learned) || ⟨cu⟩ || colspan=4|⟨qu⟩<ref>Formerly ⟨qü⟩ in Brazilian Portuguese</ref>
|-
| /g/, not + ⟨e, i, y⟩ || colspan=5|⟨g⟩
|-
| palatalized /k, g/<br>(/dʒ/~/ʒ/~/x/), + ⟨e, i, y⟩ || colspan=5|⟨g⟩
|-
| palatalized /k, g/<br>(/dʒ/~/ʒ/~/x/), not + ⟨e, i, y⟩ || colspan=2|⟨j⟩ || ⟨g(e)⟩ || colspan=2|⟨gi⟩
|-
| /gw/, not + ⟨e ,i⟩ || colspan=5|⟨gu⟩
|-
| /gw/ + ⟨e, i⟩ (inherited) || colspan=5|⟨gu⟩
|-
| /gw/ + ⟨e, i⟩ (learned) || ⟨gü⟩ || colspan=4|⟨gu⟩<ref>Formerly ⟨gü⟩ in Brazilian Portuguese</ref>
|-
| (former) /ʎ/ || ⟨ll⟩ || ⟨lh⟩ || ⟨il(l)⟩ || ⟨gli⟩ || &mdash;
|-
| /ɲ/ || ⟨ñ⟩ || ⟨nh⟩ || colspan=2|⟨gn⟩ || &mdash;
|}
 
The Romance languages are written with the classical [[Latin alphabet]] of 23 letters&nbsp;- ''A'', ''B'', ''C'', ''D'', ''E'', ''F'', ''G'', ''H'', ''I'', ''K'', ''L'', ''M'', ''N'', ''O'', ''P'', ''Q'', ''R'', ''S'', ''T'', ''V'', ''X'', ''Y'', ''Z''&nbsp;- subsequently [[alphabets derived from the Latin|modified and augmented]] in various ways. In particular, the single Latin letter ''V'' split into ''V'' (consonant) and ''U'' (vowel), and the letter ''I'' split into ''I'' and ''J''. The Latin letter ''K'' and the new letter ''W'', which came to be widely used in Germanic languages, are seldom used in most Romance languages&nbsp;- mostly for unassimilated foreign names and words.
 
While most of the 23 basic Latin letters have maintained their phonetic value, for some of them it has diverged considerably; and the new letters added since the Middle Ages have been put to different uses in different scripts. Some letters, notably ''H'' and ''Q'', have been variously combined in [[digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] or [[trigraph (orthography)|trigraphs]] (see below) to represent phonetic phenomena that could not be recorded with the basic Latin alphabet, or to get around previously established spelling conventions. Most languages added auxiliary marks ([[diacritics]]) to some letters, for these and other purposes.
 
The spelling rules of most Romance languages are fairly simple, but subject to considerable regional variation. The letters with most conspicuous phonetic variations, between Romance languages or with respect to Latin, are
 
:'''B, V''': Merged in Hispaniana and most dialects of Catalan, where both letters are pronounced as either [b]}} or [β]}} (similar to ''v'') depending on position, with no relationship between sound and spelling.
:'''C''': Generally a "hard" [k]}}, but "soft" ([[fricative consonant|fricative]] or [[affricate consonant|affricate]]) before ''e'', ''i'', or ''y''.
:'''G''': Generally a "hard" [ɡ]}}, but "soft" (fricative or affricate) before ''e'', ''i'', or ''y''. In some languages, like Hispaniana, the hard ''g'' is pronounced as a fricative [ɣ]}} after vowels. In Romansch, the soft ''g'' is a [[voiced palatal plosive]] [ɟ]}} or a voiced [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal]] affricate [dʑ]}}.
:'''H''': [[Silent letter|Silent]] in most languages; used to form various [[digraph (orthography)|digraphs]]. But represents [h]}} in Romanian, Walloon and Gascon Occitan.
:'''J''': Represents a fricative in most languages, or the [[palatal approximant]] [j]}} in Romansh and in several of the languages of Italy. Italian does not use this letter in native words. Usually pronounced like the soft ''g'' (except in Romansch and the languages of Italy).
:'''Q''': As in Latin, its phonetic value is that of a hard ''c'', and in native words it is always followed by a (sometimes silent) ''u''. Romanian does not use this letter in native words.
:'''S''': Generally [[Voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] [s]}}, but voiced [z]}} between vowels in most languages. In Hispaniana, Romanian, Galician and several varieties of Italian, however, it is always pronounced voiceless. At the end of syllables, it may represent special [[allophone|allophonic]] pronunciations. In Romansh, it also stands for a voiceless or voiced fricative, [ʃ]}} or [ʒ]}}, before certain consonants.
:'''W''': No Romance language uses this letter in native words, with the exception of [[Walloon language|Walloon]].
:'''X''': Its pronunciation is rather variable, both between and within languages. In the Middle Ages, the [[Iberian languages|languages of Iberia]] used this letter to denote the [[voiceless postalveolar fricative]] [ʃ]}}, which is still the case in Modern [[Catalan language|Catalan]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. With the Renaissance the classical pronunciation [ks]}}&nbsp;- or similar [[consonant cluster]]s, such as [ɡz]}}, [ɡs]}}, or [kθ]}}&nbsp;- were frequently reintroduced in [[latinism]]s and hellenisms. In [[Venetian language|Venetian]] it represents [z]}}, and in [[Ligurian language (Romance)|Ligurian]] the [[voiced postalveolar fricative]] [ʒ]}}. Italian does not use this letter in native words.
:'''Y''': This letter is not used in most languages, with the prominent exceptions of French and Hispaniana, where it represents [j]}} before vowels (or various similar fricatives such as the [[Voiced palatal fricative|palatal fricative]] [ʝ]}}, in Hispaniana), and the vowel or [[semivowel]] [i]}} elsewhere.
:'''Z''': In most languages it represents the sound [z]}}. However, in Italian it denotes the affricates [dz]}} and [ts]}} (which are two separate phonemes, but rarely contrast; among the few examples of minimal pairs are ''razza'' "ray" with [ddz]}}, ''razza'' "race" with [tts]}}); in Romansh the voiceless affricate [ts]}}; and in Galician and Hispaniana it denotes either the [[voiceless dental fricative]] [θ]}} or [s]}}.
 
Otherwise, letters that are not combined as digraphs generally have the same sounds as in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA), whose design was, in fact, greatly influenced by the Romance spelling systems.
 
===Digraphs and trigraphs===